Avoid SQL injection

Docs > Code Analysis > Static Analysis Rules > Avoid SQL injection

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Metadata

ID: java-security/sql-injection

Language: Java

Severity: Warning

Category: Security

CWE: 89

Description

This rule detects potential SQL injections. SQL Injection is a common application layer attack technique used by hackers to steal or manipulate data from the database. It occurs when an application includes untrusted data in a SQL command that is part of a query.

SQL injection can lead to serious data breaches, unauthorized access, data corruption, and in some cases, even complete system takeover. It is crucial to ensure your code is immune to such vulnerabilities.

Adhering to good coding practices can help avoid SQL injection. Always use parameterized queries or prepared statements instead of concatenating user input into SQL commands. For instance, use PreparedStatement with placeholders (?) in Java to ensure user input is appropriately sanitized before it is included in a SQL command. Avoid exposing detailed error messages that might reveal underlying database structure. Regularly update and patch your systems, and consider using a web application firewall for an additional layer of security.

Non-Compliant Code Examples

/**
 * OWASP Benchmark v1.2
 *
 * <p>This file is part of the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Benchmark Project. For
 * details, please see <a
 * href="https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/">https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/</a>.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
 * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
 * WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * @author Dave Wichers
 * @created 2015
 */
package org.owasp.benchmark.testcode;

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

@WebServlet(value = "/sqli-00/BenchmarkTest00018")
public class BenchmarkTest00018 extends HttpServlet {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Override
    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(request, response);
    }

    @Override
    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // some code
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

        String param = "";
        java.util.Enumeration<String> headers = request.getHeaders("BenchmarkTest00018");

        if (headers != null && headers.hasMoreElements()) {
            param = headers.nextElement(); // just grab first element
        }

        // URL Decode the header value since req.getHeaders() doesn't. Unlike req.getParameters().
        param = java.net.URLDecoder.decode(param, "UTF-8");

        String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, password) VALUES ('foo','" + param + "')";

        try {
            java.sql.Statement statement =
                    org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.getSqlStatement();
            int count = statement.executeUpdate(sql);
            org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.outputUpdateComplete(sql, response);
        } catch (java.sql.SQLException e) {
            if (org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.hideSQLErrors) {
                response.getWriter().println("Error processing request.");
                return;
            } else throw new ServletException(e);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * OWASP Benchmark v1.2
 *
 * <p>This file is part of the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Benchmark Project. For
 * details, please see <a
 * href="https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/">https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/</a>.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
 * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
 * WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * @author Dave Wichers
 * @created 2015
 */
package org.owasp.benchmark.testcode;

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

@WebServlet(value = "/sqli-00/BenchmarkTest00024")
public class BenchmarkTest00024 extends HttpServlet {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Override
    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(request, response);
    }

    @Override
    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // some code
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

        String param = request.getParameter("BenchmarkTest00024");
        if (param == null) param = "";

        String sql = "SELECT * from USERS where USERNAME=? and PASSWORD='" + param + "'";

        try {
            java.sql.Connection connection =
                    org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.getSqlConnection();
            java.sql.PreparedStatement statement =
                    connection.prepareStatement(
                            sql,
                            java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
                            java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY,
                            java.sql.ResultSet.CLOSE_CURSORS_AT_COMMIT);
            statement.setString(1, "foo");
            statement.execute();
            org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.printResults(statement, sql, response);
        } catch (java.sql.SQLException e) {
            if (org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.hideSQLErrors) {
                response.getWriter().println("Error processing request.");
                return;
            } else throw new ServletException(e);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * OWASP Benchmark v1.2
 *
 * <p>This file is part of the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Benchmark Project. For
 * details, please see <a
 * href="https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/">https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/</a>.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
 * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
 * WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * @author Dave Wichers
 * @created 2015
 */
package org.owasp.benchmark.testcode;

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

@WebServlet(value = "/sqli-00/BenchmarkTest00024")
public class BenchmarkTest00024 extends HttpServlet {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Override
    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(request, response);
    }

    @Override
    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // some code
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

        String param = request.getParameter("BenchmarkTest00024");
        if (param == null) param = "";

        String sql = "SELECT * from USERS where USERNAME=? and PASSWORD='" + param + "'";

        try {
            java.sql.Connection connection =
                    org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.getSqlConnection();
            java.sql.PreparedStatement statement =
                    connection.prepareStatement(
                            sql,
                            java.sql.ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
                            java.sql.ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY,
                            java.sql.ResultSet.CLOSE_CURSORS_AT_COMMIT);
            statement.setString(1, "foo");
            statement.execute();
            org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.printResults(statement, sql, response);
        } catch (java.sql.SQLException e) {
            if (org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.hideSQLErrors) {
                response.getWriter().println("Error processing request.");
                return;
            } else throw new ServletException(e);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * OWASP Benchmark v1.2
 *
 * <p>This file is part of the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Benchmark Project. For
 * details, please see <a
 * href="https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/">https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/</a>.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
 * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
 * WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * @author Dave Wichers
 * @created 2015
 */
package org.owasp.benchmark.testcode;

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

@WebServlet(value = "/sqli-00/BenchmarkTest00008")
public class BenchmarkTest00008 extends HttpServlet {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Override
    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(request, response);
    }

    @Override
    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // some code
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

        String param = "";
        if (request.getHeader("BenchmarkTest00008") != null) {
            param = request.getHeader("BenchmarkTest00008");
        }

        // URL Decode the header value since req.getHeader() doesn't. Unlike req.getParameter().
        param = java.net.URLDecoder.decode(param, "UTF-8");

        String sql = "{call " + param + "}";

        try {
            java.sql.Connection connection =
                    org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.getSqlConnection();
            java.sql.CallableStatement statement = connection.prepareCall(sql);
            java.sql.ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery();
            org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.printResults(rs, sql, response);

        } catch (java.sql.SQLException e) {
            if (org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.hideSQLErrors) {
                response.getWriter().println("Error processing request.");
                return;
            } else throw new ServletException(e);
        }
    }
}

Compliant Code Examples

/**
 * OWASP Benchmark Project v1.2
 *
 * <p>This file is part of the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Benchmark Project. For
 * details, please see <a
 * href="https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/">https://owasp.org/www-project-benchmark/</a>.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
 * of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
 *
 * <p>The OWASP Benchmark is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
 * WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * @author Nick Sanidas
 * @created 2015
 */
package org.owasp.benchmark.testcode;

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

@WebServlet(value = "/sqli-00/BenchmarkTest00105")
public class BenchmarkTest00105 extends HttpServlet {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Override
    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        javax.servlet.http.Cookie userCookie =
                new javax.servlet.http.Cookie("BenchmarkTest00105", "bar");
        userCookie.setMaxAge(60 * 3); // Store cookie for 3 minutes
        userCookie.setSecure(true);
        userCookie.setPath(request.getRequestURI());
        userCookie.setDomain(new java.net.URL(request.getRequestURL().toString()).getHost());
        response.addCookie(userCookie);
        javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher rd =
                request.getRequestDispatcher("/sqli-00/BenchmarkTest00105.html");
        rd.include(request, response);
    }

    @Override
    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");

        javax.servlet.http.Cookie[] theCookies = request.getCookies();

        String param = "noCookieValueSupplied";
        if (theCookies != null) {
            for (javax.servlet.http.Cookie theCookie : theCookies) {
                if (theCookie.getName().equals("BenchmarkTest00105")) {
                    param = java.net.URLDecoder.decode(theCookie.getValue(), "UTF-8");
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        String bar;

        // Simple ? condition that assigns constant to bar on true condition
        int num = 106;

        bar = (7 * 18) + num > 200 ? "This_should_always_happen" : param;

        String sql = "SELECT * from USERS where USERNAME='foo' and PASSWORD='" + bar + "'";

        try {
            java.sql.Statement statement =
                    org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.getSqlStatement();
            statement.addBatch(sql);
            int[] counts = statement.executeBatch();
            org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.printResults(sql, counts, response);
        } catch (java.sql.SQLException e) {
            if (org.owasp.benchmark.helpers.DatabaseHelper.hideSQLErrors) {
                response.getWriter().println("Error processing request.");
                return;
            } else throw new ServletException(e);
        }
    }
}